History, Techniques, and Cultural Significance
Iranian engraving, or Ghalamzani, is a timeless tradition in Persian craftsmanship that dates back to the second and third millennia BC. Over centuries, this art has evolved alongside advancements in metalworking techniques, contributing to its rich history and cultural significance. This article will explore the history, styles, and various techniques of Iranian engraving, focusing on its impact on metal objects like silverware.
The Origins of Iranian Engraving
Engraving involves creating unique, symbolic patterns on metals like copper, gold, and silver using the impact of a hammer and chisel. It is one of Iran’s oldest crafts, particularly within the field of metalworking. The origins of this craft can be traced back to the early days of Iranian civilization.
A Glimpse into the Achaemenid Period
The art of engraving underwent significant development during the Achaemenid Empire (550-330 BC), where metalworking, particularly engraving, reached its peak. However, many of these works were destroyed during the invasion of Alexander the Great, who set fire to Persepolis, the Persian capital, and had many of the artifacts melted down into coins.
The Sassanian Era: Influences and Flourishing
From 224 to 650 AD, during the Sassanian dynasty, cultural exchanges with Greece and Rome greatly influenced Iranian metalwork. The expansion of trade and contact with the West refined various metalworking techniques, including engraving
The Islamic Influence and Evolution of Designs
With the rise of Islam, early Islamic artists continued to draw inspiration from the Sassanian engraving style. Over time, however, religious beliefs and Islamic values began to shape new designs, shifting away from mythological themes in favor of Arabic calligraphy, Quranic verses, and other Islamic motifs. This transformation reflected the spiritual and cultural changes in Iranian society.
The Seljuk Period: A Renaissance in Metalwork
In the 5th century AH (11th century AD), the Seljuk dynasty’s rulers became avid patrons of the arts, including engraving. During this period, intricate motifs such as woven patterns, inspired by nature and Persian tradition, became widespread in Iranian metalwork.
Contemporary Iranian Engraving
While Iranian engraving went through a period of uniformity during the Pahlavi dynasty, artisans have revived it in recent years. Today, they are moving away from repetitive patterns and rediscovering this ancient craft, bringing new interpretations to life.
Main Styles of Iranian Engraving
Iranian engraving encompasses a variety of styles and techniques, each distinct in its approach and historical roots. Let’s explore some of the most prominent styles and methods in Iranian engraving, particularly the ones originating from major cities like Shiraz, Isfahan, and Tabriz.
Shiraz Style
In Shiraz, engraving is done in two main techniques: fine engraving (Rizeh Qalam) and raised engraving (Borjesteh). The Rizeh Qalam style was typically used on copper and brass and was prevalent during the Safavid and Zand periods. The Borjesteh style, often used on silver, emerged during the Qajar period and drew inspiration from Achaemenid art, especially the engravings found at Persepolis.
Tabriz Style
In Tabriz, artists use wrist movements for control in engraving, creating a relatively smooth finish with shallow patterns. This style contrasts with the Isfahan style, where artists employ a hammering technique to create deeper engravings.
Isfahan Style
The Isfahan engraving style involves hammering silver to create deep indentations. Within this style, there are two sub-categories: fine engraving (Qalam Rizeh) and raised engraving (Borjesteh). The raised technique gives the design a 3D appearance, often used in larger works of art.
Types of Engraving Techniques
Engraving techniques in Iranian metalwork are varied and highly intricate, often used to create ornamental and functional items. Let’s take a closer look at some of the key engraving methods:
Raised Engraving (Borjesteh)
The artist starts this technique by coating the back of the metal piece with tar, then transfers the design onto it using carbon. The artist secures the design by making shallow impressions with specialized tools. After removing the tar, the artist uses other tools to raise the design from the surface. Once complete, the artist polishes the surface, revealing the intricate raised patterns.
Half-Raised Engraving
In this technique, the artist works on the front of the metal, lowering the surrounding areas to reveal the design, rather than raising the metal from behind. This method doesn’t create a full 3D effect but produces a beautiful, subtle texture.
Fine Engraving (Rizeh Qalam)
Artists use very delicate tools to create intricate patterns in fine engraving, usually floral or arabesque designs. This style lacks raised elements and is more refined than other methods. They commonly use it for smaller items like jewelry or decorative pieces
Carving (Hekaki)
Artists use a single tool, typically a sharp chisel, to carve through the metal. This technique focuses on making deep cuts into the surface and is used for more detailed work on larger objects.
The Silver Base for Iranian Engraving
Craftsmen create most silverware items with 84% pure silver, available in various forms like sheets, coins, or antique pieces. They start by melting the silver and casting it into bars or ingots before beginning the engraving process.
Conclusion
Iranian engraving is an extraordinary art form that has evolved over thousands of years, deeply rooted in Persian culture and history. From the ancient Achaemenid period to contemporary times, this craft has transformed and adapted, yet still preserves the essence of its intricate beauty. Whether through raised designs, fine detailing, or elegant patterns, Iranian engraving continues to be a significant and cherished art form in global metalwork.
